Moscow, Russian Federation
At the present time the analysis of tourist destinations in Russia within the framework of sustainable tourism is becoming increasingly important. And it is predetermined not only by the recognition of the credibility and usefulness of the sustainable tourism concept, but also by the raising awareness of broad medium- and longterm effects and externalities, as well as all interdisciplinary aspects of the tourism industry development in Russia and in its regions which need to be thoroughly studied for both academic and practical reasons. This article aspires to uncover a number of fundamental economic aspects of sustainable tourism in the context of regional destinations. The selection of a regional perspective is dictated by the fact that at this level are formed many of the most important prerequisites for sustainable long-term development of the tourist complex, specifically in terms of economically rational decision-making processes on the part of regional and local authorities and businesses. A major objective of the paper is to focus at least on the partial spectrum of the economic factors that must be borne in mind in the process of developing a strategic plan for sustainable development of a regional tourism destination in Russia. A broader economic interpretation of sustainable tourism, advocated in this study, goes beyond the relatively narrow scope of environmental and socio-economic impacts of tourism development; and it is relating to some less obvious economic aspects of destination development, but which are nevertheless directly related to the issues of sustainable development and are influential factors within this perspective. The two central blocks of economic factors of sustainable tourism development are structured, with description of their importance and main topics, specification of challenges and threats to regional destinations’ economic development. Some examples from Russian and world practices of preventing and addressing individual problems are analyzed. The first block includes the components of investment, funding, fiscal and budgetary nature. The second block consists of the aspects of the tourism industry’s organizational and structural features, the factors of production employed and interactions with other industries of the region and the outside world. And the analysis of economic issues of regional destinations’ sustainable development in the second section goes beyond the cluster approach, which is the predominant focus in Russian studies. Together, these two blocks of factors form the organizational and economic mechanism of the tourist complex, which it is advisable to develop on the basis of a full-fledged mainstreaming sustainable tourism.
sustainable tourism, sustainable tourism development, regional destinations, regional economics, regional tourism, tourism economics
Важность исследований в области экономических аспектов устойчивого туризма Несмотря на высокую практическую значимость и академическую продуктивность, направление устойчивого туризма пока не получило достаточного внимания в России. Если экологические аспекты устойчивого туризма и устойчивого развития имеют относительно полное освещение в мейнстриме отечественной науки, то относительно социальных и экономических аспектов этого сказать нельзя, и недостаток исследований, как концептуальных, так и практически ориентированных, в этой области является несомненным. Немногие публикации, затрагивающие отдельные факторы и аспекты устойчивого туризма или устойчивого развития региона на основе развития туристского комплекса, появились только в последние годы. Лишь в последнее время в отечественной академической среде формируется относительно полное понимание, что означает устойчивость туризма. В то же время устойчивость нередко интерпретируется как стабильность, как ненарушение некоторого равновесия, в то время как в мировой науке она трактуется шире и полнее: как способность системы — туристского комплекса, дестинации или даже отдельного туристского объекта — выдерживать неблагоприятные нагрузки, в случае негативных влияний и даже шоков возвращаться в сбалансированное состояние, эволюционировать на наиболее продуктивных принципах, быть жизнеспособной и неподверженной избыточным рискам и конфликтам [21]. В рамках такого подхода могут быть интерпретации и различные формы толкования, в том числе с позиции экономических наук. Однако говоря об экономике устойчивого туризма в самом укрупненном смысле, можно иметь в виду формирование наиболее жизнеспособного, развитого и сбалансированного организационно-хозяйственного механизма туристского комплекса с учетом интересов всех стейкхолдеров.
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